I-Plywood yenziwe ngamanqwanqwa amathathu nangaphezulu amancinci omthi adityaniswe kunye ne-adhesive.Uluhlu ngalunye lwamaplanga, okanye i-ply, ngokuqhelekileyo lujoliswe kunye nengqolowa yalo ehamba kwii-angles ezichanekileyo ukuya kuluhlu olusondeleyo ukwenzela ukunciphisa ukuncipha kunye nokuphucula amandla eqhekeza eligqityiweyo.Uninzi lweplywood lucinezelwa kumaphepha amakhulu, ayisicaba asetyenziselwa ukwakha.Ezinye iziqwenga zeplywood zinokubunjwa zibe ngamagophe alula okanye adibeneyo ukuze asetyenziswe kwifanitshala, iinqanawa kunye neenqwelomoya.
Ukusetyenziswa kwamanqwanqwa abhityileyo omthi njengendlela yokwakha yaya kutsho malunga ne-1500 BC xa iingcibi zaseYiputa zibophelela amaqhekeza amancinci omthi omnyama we-ebhony ngaphandle kwebhokisi yomsedare efunyenwe kwingcwaba likaKumkani uTut-Ankh-Amon.Kamva obu buchule basetyenziswa ngamaGrike namaRoma ukuvelisa ifanitshala entle nezinye izinto zokuhombisa.Ngeminyaka yee-1600, ubugcisa bokuhombisa ifenitshala ngeenkuni ezicekethekileyo baziwa ngokuba yi-veneering, kwaye iziqwenga ngokwazo zaziwa ngokuba zii-veneers.
Kude kube sekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1700, iziqwenga zeveneer zazisikwa ngokupheleleyo ngesandla.Ngowe-1797, iNgesi uMhlekazi uSamuel Bentham wafaka isicelo samalungelo awodwa omenzi wechiza ogubungela oomatshini abaliqela bokuvelisa iiveneers.Kwizicelo zakhe zelungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, wachaza ingcamango yokwalamisa iileya ezininzi zeveneer ngeglu ukwenza iqhekeza elijiyileyo—inkcazo yokuqala yento esiyibiza ngokuba yiplywood ngoku.
Ngaphandle kolu phuhliso, kuthathe phantse enye ikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi kokuba i-laminated veneers ifumane naluphi na usetyenziso lwentengiso ngaphandle kweshishini lefenitshala.Malunga nowe-1890, iinkuni ezilaminethiweyo zaqala ukusetyenziswa ukwakha iingcango.Njengoko imfuno ikhula, iinkampani ezininzi zaqala ukuvelisa amashiti enziwe ngamaplanga enziwe ngamaplanga amaninzi, kungengawo amacango kuphela, kodwa asetyenziswe kwiimoto zikaloliwe, iibhasi kunye neenqwelomoya.Ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kwanda, ingcamango yokusebenzisa "iinkuni ezigqithisiweyo," njengoko abanye abachwephesha bababiza ngokubabiza, bavelise umfanekiso ongalunganga wemveliso.Ukuchasana nalo mfanekiso, abavelisi bemithi edibeneyo badibana kwaye ekugqibeleni bahlala kwigama elithi "plywood" ukuchaza izinto ezintsha.
Ngo-1928, ubungakanani bokuqala obuqhelekileyo obuyi-4 ft nge-8 ft (1.2 m nge-2.4 m) amaphepha eplywood aziswa e-United States ukuze asetyenziswe njengemathiriyeli yokwakha jikelele.Kwiminyaka emashumi alandelayo, ukunamathiswa okuphuculweyo kunye neendlela ezintsha zokuvelisa zavumela ukuba i-plywood isetyenziswe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezicelo.Namhlanje, iplywood ithathe indawo yamaplanga agawulweyo ngeenjongo ezininzi zokwakha, kwaye ukwenziwa kweeplywood kuye kwaba ziibhiliyoni zeedola, ishishini lehlabathi jikelele.
Iileya zangaphandle zeplywood zaziwa ngokulandelelanayo njengobuso kunye nomva.Ubuso bubuso obuza kusetyenziswa okanye bubonwe, ngelixa umva uhlala ungasetyenziswa okanye ufihliwe.Umaleko osembindini waziwa njengondoqo.Kwi-plywoods eneeplies ezintlanu okanye ngaphezulu, i-inter-mediate layers ziyaziwa ngokuba yi-crossbands.
Iplywood inokwenziwa ngamaplanga aqinileyo, softwoods, okanye indibaniselwano yezi zimbini.Eminye imithi enzima eqhelekileyo iquka umlotha, imaple, imahogany, i-oki, neteak.I-softwood eqhelekileyo esetyenziselwa ukwenza i-plywood e-United States yi-Douglas fir, nangona iindidi ezininzi zepine, imisedare, i-spruce kunye ne-redwood nazo zisetyenziswa.
I-Plywood ehlanganisiweyo inombindi owenziwe nge-particleboard okanye amaplanga aqinileyo adityaniswe emphethweni.Igqitywe ngobuso be-plywood veneer kunye nomva.Iplywood ehlanganisiweyo isetyenziswa apho kufuneka amaphepha ashinyene kakhulu.
Uhlobo lwe-adhesive esetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iileyile zokhuni kunye zixhomekeke kwisicelo esithile seplywood egqityiweyo.Amaphepha e-Softwood plywood ayilelwe ukufakwa kumphandle wesakhiwo ngokuqhelekileyo asebenzisa i-phenol-formaldehyde resin njengento yokubambelela ngenxa yamandla ayo abalaseleyo kunye nokumelana nokufuma.I-Softwood plywood sheets eyenzelwe ukufakwa ngaphakathi kwesakhiwo inokusebenzisa iprotheni yegazi okanye i-protein ye-soya encamathelayo, nangona uninzi lwamaphepha angaphakathi e-softwood ngoku enziwe nge-phenol-formaldehyde resin efanayo esetyenziselwa amaphepha angaphandle.I-Hardwood plywood esetyenziselwa izicelo zangaphakathi kunye nokwakhiwa kwefenitshala ngokuqhelekileyo iyenziwa nge-urea-formaldehyde resin.
Ezinye izicelo zifuna amaphepha eplywood anomaleko obhityileyo weplastiki, isinyithi, okanye iphepha elifakwe intlaka okanye ilaphu elidityaniswe nokuba kubuso okanye ngasemva (okanye zombini) ukunika umphandle wangaphandle ukuxhathisa okongeziweyo kukufuma kunye nokugqabhuka okanye ukuphucula ipeyinti yayo- iipropati zokubamba.I-plywood enjalo ibizwa ngokuba yi-plywood eyongeziweyo kwaye isetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kumashishini okwakha, ezothutho kunye nakwezolimo.
Amanye amashiti eplywood asenokugqunywa ngebala elilwelo ukunika imiphezulu imbonakalo egqityiweyo, okanye inokunyangwa ngeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ukuphucula ukumelana nomlilo weplywood okanye ukuxhathisa ukubola.
Kukho iindidi ezimbini ezibanzi zeplywood, nganye inenkqubo yayo yokuhlela.
Iklasi enye yaziwa njengokwakha kunye neshishini.IiPlywoods kule klasi zisetyenziselwa ngokukodwa amandla abo kwaye zilinganiswe ngokukwazi ukuvezwa kunye nebakala le-veneer esetyenziswa ebusweni nasemva.I-exposure capability inokuba ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lweglue.Amabanga eVeneer asenokuba N, A, B, C, okanye D. N grade aneziphene ezimbalwa kakhulu, ngelixa uD unokuba namaqhina nokwahlulahlula okuninzi.Umzekelo, i-plywood esetyenziselwa ukufakwa phantsi komgangatho wendlu ilinganiswa "I-CD yangaphakathi".Oku kuthetha ukuba inobuso be-C kunye nomva we-D, kwaye iglue ifanelekile ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezikhuselweyo.Iipleyiti zangaphakathi zazo zonke iiplywood zokwakha kunye nezoshishino zenziwe kwibakala C okanye i-D veneer, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ireyithingi.
Olunye udidi lweplywood lwaziwa ngokuba ngumthi onzima kunye nokuhombisa.I-Plywoods kule klasi isetyenziselwa ngokukodwa ukubonakala kwayo kwaye ihlelwe ngokuhla komyalelo wokuchasana nomswakama njengobuGcisa (Ngaphandle), Uhlobo I (Ngaphandle), Uhlobo II (Ngaphakathi), kunye noHlobo lwe-III (Ngaphakathi).Iintsimbi zobuso bazo phantse azinasiphako.
Ubukhulu
Amashiti ePlywood ahluka ngobukhulu ukusuka.06 kwi (1.6 mm) ukuya ku-3.0 kwi (76 mm).Ubukhulu obuqhelekileyo bukwi-0.25 kwi-(6.4 mm) ukuya kwi-0.75 kwi-(19.0 mm).Nangona i-core, i-crossbands, kunye nobuso kunye nomva wephepha leplywood linokwenziwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutyeba, ubukhulu becala ngalinye kufuneka bulungelelanise embindini.Umzekelo, ubuso kunye nomva kufuneka kube ubukhulu obulinganayo.Ngokunjalo amaqhina anqamlezileyo aphezulu nasezantsi kufuneka alingane.
Obona bukhulu buqhelekileyo bamaphepha eplywood asetyenziswa ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo yi-4 ft (1.2 m) ububanzi nge-8 ft (2.4 m) ubude.Obunye ububanzi obuqhelekileyo yi-3 ft (0.9 m) kunye ne-5 ft (1.5 m).Ubude buyohluka ukusuka kwi-8 ft (2.4 m) ukuya kwi-12 ft (3.6 m) ku-1 ft (0.3 m) ngokunyuka.Ukusetyenziswa okukhethekileyo okufana nokwakhiwa kwesikhephe kunokufuna amaphepha amakhulu.
Imithi esetyenziselwa ukwenza i-plywood idla ngokuba mincinane ngobubanzi kunaleyo isetyenziselwa ukwenza amaplanga.Kwiimeko ezininzi, ziye zatyalwa kwaye zikhuliswe kwiindawo eziphethwe yinkampani yeplywood.Ezi ndawo zilawulwa ngononophelo ukwandisa ukukhula kwemithi kunye nokunciphisa umonakalo ovela kwizinambuzane okanye umlilo.
Nalu ulandelelwano oluqhelekileyo lwemisebenzi yokusetyenzwa kwemithi kumgangatho we-4 ft ngo-8 ft (1.2 m by 2.4 m) amaphepha eplywood:
Izigodo ziqale zincothulwe emva koko zisikwe zibe ziibhloko ze peeler.Ukuze usike iibhloko zibe yimicu ye-veneer, ziqale zifakwe emanzini kwaye zihlulwe zibe yimicu.
1 Imithi ekhethiweyo kwindawo iphawulwa njengelungele ukugawulwa, okanye ukugawulwa.Ukugawulwa kusenokwenziwa ngeesarha ezisebenza ngepetroli okanye ngezikere ezikhulu ezenziwe ngamanzi ezixhonywe ngaphambili kwiinqwelo ezinamavili ezibizwa ngokuba ziifellers.Amalungu asuswa kwimithi ewileyo ngeesarha zamatsheyini.
2 Iziqu zemithi ezigawuliweyo, okanye izigodo, zirhuqelwa kwindawo yokulayisha ngeemoto ezinamavili ezibizwa ngokuba zii-skidders.Izigodo zisikwa zibe ngobude kwaye zilayishwa kwiilori zohambo oluya kwindawo yokusila yeplywood, apho zipakishwe kwiimfumba ezinde ezaziwa ngokuba ziidekhi zeplanga.
3 Njengoko kufuneka iinkuni, zicholwa kwiidekhi zeplanga ngabalayishi abadiniweyo zerabha baze babekwe kwikhonkco elihambisa ikhonkco elizisa kumatshini wokudiliza.Lo matshini ususa ixolo, nokuba ngamavili okusila anamazinyo abukhali okanye ngeejethi zamanzi anoxinzelelo oluphezulu, ngelixa isigodo sijikeleza kancinci malunga ne-axis yayo ende.
4 Izigodo ezikhutshiweyo zithwalwa zisiwe kwindawo yokusila kwikhonkco lokuhambisa apho isarha enkulu esetyhula izisika zibe ngamacandelo amalunga ne-8 ft-4 ku (2.5 m) ukuya ku-8 ft-6 ngo (2.6 m) ubude, alungele ukwenza umgangatho we-8 ft. (2.4 m) amaphepha amade.La macandelo elogi aziwa njengeebhloko ze- peeler .
5 Ngaphambi kokuba i-veneer igawulwe, iibhloko zokucoca kufuneka zifudunyezwe kwaye zifakwe emanzini ukuze zithambe iinkuni.Iibhloko zinokufakwa ngomphunga okanye zintywiliselwe emanzini ashushu.Le nkqubo ithatha iiyure ezingama-12-40 kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lomthi, ububanzi bebhloko, kunye nezinye izinto.
6 Iibhloko ezifudunyeziweyo zokuxobula zithuthwa zisiwe kwi- peeler lathe, apho ziye zilungelelaniswe ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zondliwe kwileyile enye ngexesha.Njengoko i-lathe ijikeleza ibhloko ngokukhawuleza malunga ne-axis yayo ende, i-blade yobude obugcweleyo ikhupha ishidi eliqhubekayo le-veneer ukusuka kumphezulu webhloko ejikelezayo kwisantya se-300-800 ft / min (90-240 m / min).Xa i-diameter yebhloko iyancipha ukuya kwi-3-4 kwi-(230-305 mm), isiqwenga somthi esiseleyo, esibizwa ngokuba yi-peller core, siyakhutshwa kwi-lathe kwaye ibhloko entsha ye-peeler ifakwe endaweni.
7 Ishiti elide leveneer eliphuma kwi- peeler lathe lingalungiswa ngokukhawuleza, okanye linokugcinwa kwiitreyi ezinde, ezinomgangatho omninzi okanye inxeba kwi rolls.Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, inkqubo elandelayo ibandakanya ukusika i-veneer kububanzi obusebenzisekayo, ngokuqhelekileyo malunga ne-4 ft-6 ku- (1.4 m), ukwenza umgangatho we-4 ft (1.2 m) amashiti e-plywood abanzi.Kwangaxeshanye, i-optical scanners ijonga amacandelo aneziphene ezingamkelekanga, kwaye ezi zikhutshiwe, zishiya ngaphantsi kobubanzi obuqhelekileyo be-veneer.
Imicu emanzi ye-veneer ifakwe kwi-roll, ngelixa i-optical scanner ibona naziphi na iziphene ezingamkelekanga emthini.Emva kokuba yomisiwe i-veneer ihlelwa kwaye ihlanganiswe.Amacandelo akhethiweyo e-veneer ahlanganiswe kunye.Umatshini wokushicilela oshushu usetyenziselwa ukutywina i-veneer ibe yiplanga enye eyomeleleyo, eya kuchetywa ize ifakwe isanti ngaphambi kokuba igximfizwe ngomgangatho wayo ofanelekileyo.
8 Amacandelo eveneer ayahlelwa aze apakishwe ngokwebakala.Oku kunokwenziwa ngesandla, okanye kunokwenziwa ngokuzenzekelayo kusetyenziswa izikena zamehlo.
9 Amacandelo alungelelanisiweyo afakwa kwisixhobo sokomisa ukunciphisa umthamo wawo wokufuma kwaye uwavumele ukuba acutheke phambi kokuba adityaniswe kunye.Uninzi lwezixhobo zokusila zeplywood zisebenzisa isomisi somatshini apho iziqwenga zihamba ngokuqhubekayo kwigumbi elishushu.Kwezinye iindawo zokomisa, iijethi zesantya esiphezulu, umoya oshushu zivuthelwa kumphezulu wamaqhekeza ukukhawulezisa inkqubo yokomisa.
10 Njengoko amacandelo e-veneer ephuma kwindawo yokomisa, apakishwa ngokomgangatho.Amacandelo e-Underwidth ane-veneer eyongezelelweyo edibeneyo kunye ne-tape okanye i-glue ukwenza iziqwenga ezifanelekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwiileyile zangaphakathi apho ukubonakala kunye namandla angabalulekanga.
11 Loo macandelo e-veneer aya kufakwa kwiindlela ezinqamlezileyo—undoqo kumaphepha amathathu, okanye amaqhina anqamlezileyo kumaphepha atsolo amahlanu—asisikwe abe ngobude obumalunga ne-4 ft-3 in (1.3 m).
12 Xa amacandelo afanelekileyo e-veneer ehlanganiswe kwi-plywood ethile, inkqubo yokubeka kunye nokudibanisa iziqwenga kunye iqala.Oku kunokwenziwa ngesandla okanye ngokuzenzekelayo ngoomatshini.Kwimeko elula kakhulu yamaphepha amathathu, i-back veneer ibekwe phantsi kwaye iqhutywe nge-spreader glue, efaka umgca weglue kwindawo ephezulu.Amacandelo amafutshane e-core veneer emva koko abekwe i-crossways phezu kwe-glued back, kwaye lonke iphepha liqhutyelwa kwi-spreader yeglue okwesibini.Ekugqibeleni, i-face veneer ibekwe phezu kwe-core glued, kwaye ishidi lihlanganiswe namanye amashiti alindele ukungena kwi-press.
13 Amaphepha ancamathisiweyo alayishwa kumshicileli oshushu ovula izihlandlo ezininzi.oomatshini bokushicilela banokusingatha amaphepha angama-20-40 ngexesha, iphepha ngalinye lilayishwe kwindawo eyahlukileyo.Xa onke amaphepha elayishiwe, umshicileli udibanisa ndawonye phantsi koxinzelelo malunga ne-110-200 psi (i-7.6-13.8 bar), ngelixa kwangaxeshanye ukufudumala kwiqondo lokushisa malunga ne-230-315 ° F (109.9-157.2 ° F). C).Uxinzelelo luqinisekisa unxibelelwano oluhle phakathi kweengqimba ze-veneer, kwaye ubushushu bubangela ukuba iglue inyange ngokufanelekileyo ukuze ibe namandla amakhulu.Emva kwexesha le-2-7 imizuzu, umshicileli uvulwa kwaye amashidi akhululiwe.
14 La mashiti arhabaxa adlula kwiisarha, ezisika zibe kububanzi nobude bokugqibela.Amaphepha omgangatho ophezulu adlula kwiseti yeesanti zebhanti ezi-4 ft (1.2 m) ezibanzi, ezisasaza ubuso nomqolo.Amaphepha omgangatho ophakathi afakwa ngesandla ngesandla ukucoca iindawo ezirhabaxa.Amanye amashiti aqhutywa ngeseti yeesarha ezijikelezayo, ezisika imijelo enzulu ebusweni ukunika iplywood imbonakalo yokwakheka.Emva kokuhlolwa kokugqibela, naziphi na iziphene eziseleyo ziyalungiswa.
15 Amaphepha agqityiweyo agximfizwa ngophawu lokuthengisa olunika umthengi ulwazi malunga nomgangatho wokuvezwa, ibakala, inombolo yokusila, kunye nezinye izinto.Amaphepha omgangatho ofanayo wophawu lokuthengisa abotshelelwa kunye kwizitaki aze asiwe kwindawo yokugcina impahla ukuze alindele ukuthunyelwa.
Kanye njengokuba ngamaplanga, akukho nto ifana neqhekeza eligqibeleleyo leplywood.Zonke iziqwenga zeplywood zineziphene ezithile.Inani kunye nendawo yezi ziphene imisela ibakala leplywood.Imigangatho yokwakhiwa kunye ne-plywood ye-industrial ichazwa nguMgangatho weMveliso ye-PS1 elungiselelwe yi-Bureau yeMigangatho yeSizwe kunye ne-American Plywood Association.Imigangatho ye-hardwood kunye ne-decorative plywoods ichazwa yi-ANSIIHPMA HP elungiselelwe yi-American National Standards Institute kunye ne-Hardwood Plywood Manufacturers 'Association.Le migangatho ayimiseli kuphela iisistim zokuhlelwa kweplywood, kodwa icacisa kwakhona ulwakhiwo, ukusebenza, kunye neendlela zokusetyenziswa.
Nangona i-plywood iyisebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo imithi-ngokuqinisekileyo iyahlula kwaye iphinde iphinde ihlangane ngendlela eyomeleleyo, enokusebenziseka ngakumbi-kusekho inkunkuma eninzi ekhoyo kwinkqubo yokuvelisa.Kwiimeko ezininzi, kuphela malunga ne-50-75% yomthamo osetyenziswayo womthi emthini uguqulwa ube yiplywood.Ukuphucula eli nani, iimveliso ezintsha ezininzi ziphantsi kophuhliso.
Enye imveliso entsha ibizwa ngokuba yi-oriented strand board, eyenziwa ngokuqhawula yonke ilogi ibe yimicu, kunokuba ixobule i-veneer kwi-log kwaye ilahle i-core.Imicu ixutywe kunye ne-adhesive kwaye ixinzelelwe kwiingqimba kunye neenkozo ezihamba kwicala elinye.Ezi maleko zixinanisiweyo zijongiswe kwii-engile ezichanekileyo omnye komnye, njengeplywood, kwaye zidityaniswe kunye.Ibhodi ye-strand ejoliswe kuyo yomelele njengeplywood kwaye ixabisa kancinci.
Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-10-2021